Three Periods of Regulatory Innovation During Vertebrate Evolution
The gain, loss, and modification of gene regulatory elements may underlie a substantialproportion of phenotypic changes on animal lineages. To investigate the gain of regulatoryelements throughout vertebrate evolution, we identified genome-wide sets of putative regulatoryregions for five vertebrates, including humans. These putative regulatory regions are conservednonexonic elements (CNEEs), which are evolutionarily conserved yet do not overlap any coding ornoncoding mature transcript. We then inferred the branch on which each CNEE came underselective constraint. Our analysis identified three extended periods in the evolution of generegulatory elements. Early vertebrate evolution was characterized by regulatory gains neartranscription factors and developmental genes, but this trend was replaced by innovations nearextracellular signaling genes, and then innovations near posttranslational protein modifiers.
http://www.sciencemag.org/content/333/6045/1019.full
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